Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Antimicrobial effects and mechanisms of hydrogen sulphide against nail pathogens

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-22062-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of H 2 S exposure time and concentration against T. rubrum . Agar plates were inoculated with 3 spots of T. rubrum ATCC 28,188, incubated in airtight boxes for 1, 3, 6, and 24 h, in the presence of different concentrations of H 2 S, followed by a further incubation without H 2 S for a further 7 days. The concentrations H 2 S indicated are those which would be achieved if all available sulphide is released as gaseous H 2 S.

Article Snippet: Fig. 4 H 2 S inhibits the germination of T. rubrum conidia. ( A ) T. rubrum ATCC 28,188 without (top panel) or exposed to NaHS in RPMI-GM medium (pH 5) for 24 h, at a sulphide concentration that is equivalent to 3.4 μg/mL of H 2 S. This was followed by staining with the LIVE/DEAD BacLight stain and fluorescence microscopy. ( B ) Flow cytometry analysis of T. rubrum ATCC 28,188 conidia exposed to different concentrations of H 2 S in RPMI-GM (pH 5) for 0–18 h. Conidia were identified and delimited on the scatterplot (granularity [SSC-A] vs. blue fluorescence [Calcofluor white; DAPI-A filter]) at the top right corner.

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Incubation

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Antimicrobial effects and mechanisms of hydrogen sulphide against nail pathogens

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-22062-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effect of pre-incubation of T. rubrum conidia on the MIC of gaseous H 2 S. T. rubrum ATCC 28,188 conidia were deposited on SDA plates and then incubated at 30 °C for 0–12 h, followed by incubation for 4 days in an airtight box containing different concentrations of H 2 S, to determine the MIC g_max ( A ). The plates were removed from the box and incubated for a further 3 days to determine the MFC g_max ( B ).

Article Snippet: Fig. 4 H 2 S inhibits the germination of T. rubrum conidia. ( A ) T. rubrum ATCC 28,188 without (top panel) or exposed to NaHS in RPMI-GM medium (pH 5) for 24 h, at a sulphide concentration that is equivalent to 3.4 μg/mL of H 2 S. This was followed by staining with the LIVE/DEAD BacLight stain and fluorescence microscopy. ( B ) Flow cytometry analysis of T. rubrum ATCC 28,188 conidia exposed to different concentrations of H 2 S in RPMI-GM (pH 5) for 0–18 h. Conidia were identified and delimited on the scatterplot (granularity [SSC-A] vs. blue fluorescence [Calcofluor white; DAPI-A filter]) at the top right corner.

Techniques: Incubation

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Antimicrobial effects and mechanisms of hydrogen sulphide against nail pathogens

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-22062-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: H 2 S inhibits the germination of T. rubrum conidia. ( A ) T. rubrum ATCC 28,188 without (top panel) or exposed to NaHS in RPMI-GM medium (pH 5) for 24 h, at a sulphide concentration that is equivalent to 3.4 µg/mL of H 2 S. This was followed by staining with the LIVE/DEAD BacLight stain and fluorescence microscopy. ( B ) Flow cytometry analysis of T. rubrum ATCC 28,188 conidia exposed to different concentrations of H 2 S in RPMI-GM (pH 5) for 0–18 h. Conidia were identified and delimited on the scatterplot (granularity [SSC-A] vs. blue fluorescence [Calcofluor white; DAPI-A filter]) at the top right corner. Histogram plots show only events from the conidia gate in the scatterplot.

Article Snippet: Fig. 4 H 2 S inhibits the germination of T. rubrum conidia. ( A ) T. rubrum ATCC 28,188 without (top panel) or exposed to NaHS in RPMI-GM medium (pH 5) for 24 h, at a sulphide concentration that is equivalent to 3.4 μg/mL of H 2 S. This was followed by staining with the LIVE/DEAD BacLight stain and fluorescence microscopy. ( B ) Flow cytometry analysis of T. rubrum ATCC 28,188 conidia exposed to different concentrations of H 2 S in RPMI-GM (pH 5) for 0–18 h. Conidia were identified and delimited on the scatterplot (granularity [SSC-A] vs. blue fluorescence [Calcofluor white; DAPI-A filter]) at the top right corner.

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Staining, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Flow Cytometry

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Antimicrobial effects and mechanisms of hydrogen sulphide against nail pathogens

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-22062-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: Mechanism of action of H 2 S. ( A ) CLSM images of 12 h pre-incubated T. rubrum ATCC 28,188 exposed to NaHS in RPMI-GM medium (pH 5) for 2 h, at a sulphide concentration that is equivalent to 3.4 µg/mL of H 2 S. The samples were stained with Calcofluor white and DCHF-DA. ( B ) 60 µg/mL of the antioxidants N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and reduced glutathione (GSSH) counteract the effect of H 2 S on T. rubrum . ( C ) Effect of H 2 S on cytochrome c oxidase activity in isolated mitochondria from T. rubrum . Statistical analysis was done by a One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test (** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001, n = 3). ( D ) 5-IAF labelling of proteins from T. rubrum conidia, separated by SDS-PAGE. (Left) Coomassie brilliant blue stain of the gel showing molecular weight marker bands (in kDa) and protein extracts from samples that were untreated ( −) or treated with NaHS ( +) for 3 h. (Right) 5-IAF labelled proteins.

Article Snippet: Fig. 4 H 2 S inhibits the germination of T. rubrum conidia. ( A ) T. rubrum ATCC 28,188 without (top panel) or exposed to NaHS in RPMI-GM medium (pH 5) for 24 h, at a sulphide concentration that is equivalent to 3.4 μg/mL of H 2 S. This was followed by staining with the LIVE/DEAD BacLight stain and fluorescence microscopy. ( B ) Flow cytometry analysis of T. rubrum ATCC 28,188 conidia exposed to different concentrations of H 2 S in RPMI-GM (pH 5) for 0–18 h. Conidia were identified and delimited on the scatterplot (granularity [SSC-A] vs. blue fluorescence [Calcofluor white; DAPI-A filter]) at the top right corner.

Techniques: Incubation, Concentration Assay, Staining, Activity Assay, Isolation, Comparison, SDS Page, Molecular Weight, Marker